Benzene is classified as a "known" human carcinogen (Category A) under the Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback or report a problem. Benzene is carcinogenic in humans by inhalation and in animals by the oral route of exposure. The overall confidence in the Oral Chronic Reference Dose is medium. Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: 1.0 E-1. 2 year (corn oil gavage) 5 days/week using rats and mice. Table 2: Carcinogenic risk assessment from annual average concentrations of benzene due to the KOGCF air emissions (2012). Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-day)-1: 1.0 E-1. 2.2 x 10 -6 per µg/m3
Tumor site(s): Not Applicable . The Inhalation Unit Risk is 7.8E-03 (mg/m. The Oral Slope Factor study target organ is blood. Cancer slope factors for some dioxin-like compounds and PAHs were calculated by using the toxicity equivalency factor (TEF) approach. Health Effects of Benzene. Benzene is absorbed via ingestion, inhalation, and skin application. The overall confidence in the Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration Also of note, a thorough evaluation of available data on benzene was conducted by Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA) in … HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR BENZENE (Report). 4.4 x 10 -7 per µg/L
1. Reference Dose for Oral Exposure (RfD) (PDF) (45 pp, 261 K)
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Non-Cancer Toluene 0.2 - Ethylbenzene 0.1 Xylene 2.0 Cancer Benzene 0.005 0.029 Benzo(a)pyrene - 7.3. Exposure can occur occupationally and domestically as a result of the ubiquitous use of benzene-containing Appendix B. Chemical-specific summaries of the information used to derive unit risk and cancer potency values. It assumes linear extrapolation with a zero dose threshold from the upper confidence level of the lowest dose that produced cancer in an animal test or in … Slope factor: 0.015 to 0.055 per (mg/kg)/day (human) Source of slope factor: IRIS, 2000 ... including benzene, that had a lower MCL value than a HRL value. This may be a synopsis of the full weight-of-evidence narrative. It yields a cancer slope factor, known as the q1* (pronounced "Q1-star"), which can be used to predict cancer risk at a specific dose. Br J Ind Med 28:296-302. Comments/References: OEHHA 2009. A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit, on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime (70 years) exposure to an agent by ingestion (SFo) or inhalation (SFi) as in our case. Example Problem. cancer risk per mg of chemical per kg body weight per day. is medium. Cancer Benzene Benzo(a)Pyrene Naphthalene Methylnaphthalene. Carcinogenic Effects of Benzene: An Update (1997 External Review Draft) (Report), Sep 1984:
The oral and inhalation slope factors for benzene are 2.9E-2 (mg/kg/day) -1 and the oral and inhalation unit risk values are 8.3E-7 and 8.3E-6, respectively, based on the studies of Ott et al. Chemical Name: CAS Number: Oral slope factor (1/mg/kg/d) Inhalation slope factor (1/mg/kg/d) Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)? Does benzene cause cancer? Comments/References: OEHHA 2009. Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Tier 1 Pilot Submission for BENZENE (CAS No. Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. Benzene is known to cause cancer, based on evidence from studies in both people and lab animals. This paper summarizes this risk assessment. Retrieve Toxicity Profiles Formal Version Last Updated 02/13/98 Cancer Potency Factor (mg/kg-d)-1. Date. The ILCR is derived as:. International Guidelines for the Ingestion of Benzene Regulatory Agency Pivotal Study Endpoint (cancer/non-cancer) Quantitative Assessment (SF/ Linear extrapolation/oral slope factor) Guideline Comments; Health Canada (1991) Food and Beverage: NTP, 1986 . The Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration study critical effects Drinking Water Unit Risk:
The Oral Slope Factor study cancer type is leukemia. Benzene Is A Widely Used Industrial Chemical And A Component Of Gasoline, With A Cancer Risk Slope Factor Of 2.9 X 10-2 (mg/kg-d)-2 For Oral Intake. slope factor - this is the cancer risk per unit of dose - multiplying the slope factor times the dose equals the increased risk of cancer • the total increased cancer risk for each scenario is the sum of the increased risk for each contaminant Oral Slope Factors •§•••••••111 Page 22 • Benzene … The slope factor for benzene is 0.029 (mg/kg-day). Experimental data indicate that humans can absorb up to 80% of inhaled benzene (after 5 minutes of exposure). Tumor site(s): Hematologic
The Oral Slope Factor is 5.50E-02 (mg/kg-day). al. A cancer slope factor gives the percent increase in the risk of getting cancer associated with a dose of a toxin (in mg of toxin per kg of body weight) every day for a lifetime. c . The Inhalation Unit Risk study cancer type is Leukemia. Oral Slope Factor: 1.5 x 10-2 per mg/kg-day Drinking Water Unit Risk: 4.4 x 10-7 per µg/L Extrapolation Method: Linear extrapolation of human occupational data Tumor site(s): Hematologic Tumor type(s): Leukemia (Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., … Compound Specific Approach for: Noncancer Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene. Short-term, Tumor type(s): Leukemia (Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump, 1994 U. S. EPA, 1998 U.S. EPA, 1999), Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure (PDF) (45 pp, 261 K), Inhalation Unit Risk:
Benzene is formed through natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, and is present in crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs. Overall Carcinogenicity; Mouse Updated 2011. The two methods showed a reasonable level of agreement. The Dermal Slope Factor is based on a gastrointestinal absorption (1981), and Wong et al. Assume that the carcinogenic slope factor for aflatoxin is 2900 (mg/kg • d)-1. It evaporates quickly when exposed to air. The excess cancer risk for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the Scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor method at C EXP50 and C EXP95 and also using the ORP method. Benzene is emitted into the workplace and the environment from industrial and other manmade sources, including gasoline from filling stations, smoking tobacco products, and auto exhaust. In this concept, the slope for the modification factor function is calculated using simple algebra: the lower point of the modification factor function occurs at the OEL where risk assumed to be zero (i.e., where y is the modification factor, y 1 = 0 and x 1 = OEL), with the upper point found where risk extrapolated from observed is unmodified (i.e., y 2 = 1 and x 2 = LOAEC). I LCR = Exposure (μg/kg/d) x Cancer Slope Factor (μg/kg/day)-1. ACETALDEHYDE: 75070: 0.0077: I: y Tumor site(s): Hematologic
Oral RfD Cancer (mg/kg/d Slope Factor (mg/kg/d)-1 . Slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . i = Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene i = High Flash Aromatic Naphtha, Naphthalene, 2-MethylNaphthalene Fluoranthe ne Arom RfV E 3 White Mineral Oils Aliph RfV E 3 ... data used to develop either a provisional or screening RfD or a provisional or screening cancer slope factor. Last Updated: 04/17/2003, Weight of Evidence for Cancer (PDF) (45 pp, 261 K)
It is also the default choice for carcinogens when there are insufficient data to demonstrate that the mode … SF = Cancer slope factor (mg/kg-day) −1 ADAF = Age-dependent adjustment factor for age bin "i" (unitless) Risk Specific Dose (RSD) The Cancer Slope Factor is used to derive the Risk Specific Dose (RSD)(mg/kg-day) for direct-acting carcinogenic agents, those that cause chemical changes in DNA. 2017;2(1):11-15 Results Slope factor index and calculated Unit inhalation risk, used in … See EPA’s PDF page to learn more. How you can protect yourself, and what to do if you are exposed to benzene . However, most studies in humans have not found an increased factor of 0.9700. Benzene and Cancer Risk What is benzene? The Inhalation Chronic Reference Dose (converted from the RfC) is The derived consensus slope can be used as a best estimate of the quantitative relationship between real-life benzene exposure and genetic damage in future risk assessment. Linear extrapolation of human occupational data
Studies in animals have demonstrated an association between oral and inhalation exposure to benzene and the development of a variety of tumors, including lymphoma and carcinomas of the Zymbal gland, oral cavity, mammary gland, ovaries, lung, and skin. The Inhalation Unit Risk is based on the U.S. EPA study from 1998. Previous assessments of this cohort by Rinsky et al. Health Effects of Benzene. 16 Therefore, it is reasonable to extrapolate from inhalation to oral cancer risk. (1983). It assumes linear extrapolation with a zero dose threshold from the upper confidence level of the lowest dose that produced cancer in an animal test or … We also quantitate the large between-study heterogeneity that exists in this literature, a factor which is crucial for the interpretation of single-study or consensus slopes. Extrapolation Method:
study from 1996. Cancer slope factors (CSF) are used to estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance. The Oral Chronic Reference Dose study critical effect is decreased The Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration has a modifying factor Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most exposure to benzene results from human activities. F ACETALDEHYDE . The excess Cancer risk (CR) for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor and Overall Risk Probability (ORP) methods. The slope factor (q 1 *) of the dose-response curve for the carcinogenic effects of benzene by the oral route, 2.9E-2 (mg/kg/day) -1 is used in the calculation of the HCC for benzene. SOT 2019 Toxicological Risk Assessment of Benzene Exposure in a Keratin Gel Wound Dressing (Poster) March 2019 Conference: Society of Toxicology (SOT) Annual Conference 2019 Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) Tier 1 Peer Consultation Report on Benzene. (1978) study using the liver tumor classification scheme proposed by NTP in 1986 (Maronpot et al. 1.5 x 10 -2 per mg/kg-day
Ingested and inhaled benzene produces symptoms of neurotoxicity at acute doses of 2 mL for humans. Benzene is widely used in the United States; it ranks in the top 20 chemicals for production volume. Wikipedia The Dermal Slope Factor is 5.67E-02 (mg/kg-day)-1. 3 /µL; p =0.03) in a subgroup of 11 workers exposed to a median 8-hour TWA of 7.6 ppm (24 mg/m. lymphocyte count. CDHS 1984. 71-43-2) Docket Number OPPTS-00274D. International Guidelines for the Ingestion of Benzene Regulatory Agency Pivotal Study Endpoint (cancer/non-cancer) Quantitative Assessment (SF/ Linear extrapolation/oral slope factor) Guideline Comments; Health Canada (1991) Food and Beverage: NTP, 1986 . factor of 0.97. Last Updated: 04/17/2003, Reference Concentration for Inhalation Exposure (RfC) (PDF) (45 pp, 261 K)
<0.001) in the group exposed to >31 ppm benzene. 4) Benzene occurs as a There is much less evidence linking benzene to any other type of cancer. Tumor site(s): Not Applicable . derived an oral cancer sl ope factor of 2.9 x 10-2 [mg/(kg @ day)]-1 from the geometric mean of four maximum likelihood point esti mates from the above studies, which was adjusted for the results in Wong et al. Calculate the number of excess lifetime cancer cases expected for a town with a population of 2.5 million (adults) with a daily intake of 0.006Hg of benzene. The link between benzene and cancer has largely focused on leukemia and other cancers of blood cells. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for Cancer Potencies. A unit risk factor is based on the slope factor, but is specific to air (and sometimes water). Source of cancer slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . Non-Cancer Toluene 0.2 - Ethylbenzene 0.1 Xylene 2.0 Cancer Benzene 0.005 0.029 Benzo(a)pyrene - 7.3. Slope factor (SF): Not Applicable .
Benzene - 5 of 23 . The Oral Chronic Reference Dose has a modifying factor of 1. The Oral Chronic Reference Dose is based on human study. Assuming An Inhalation Cancer Slope Factor For Benzene Is 4 X 10-6 (mg/kg.d), Calculate The Concentration In Air Corresponding To A Risk Of 1 X 10-6 … Appendix B. Chemical-specific summaries of the information used to derive unit risk and cancer potency values. The Oral Chronic Reference Dose is 4.00E-03 (mg/kg-day). The Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration is 3.00E-02 (mg/m. A cancer slope factor gives the percent increase in the risk of getting cancer associated with a dose of a toxin (in mg of toxin per kg of body weight) every day for a lifetime. Appendix B. Chemical-specific summaries of the information used to derive unit risk and cancer … 1986, EPA 1990). (1983) (U.S. EPA, 1992a,b). Occupational exposure of workers at Bituminous production units to Benzene, Toluene compounds might increase the risk of cancer for them. Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-d)-1] M. e W A . Oral Slope Factor: 5.5 x 10-2 per mg/kg-day Drinking Water Unit Risk: 1.6 x 10-6 per µg/L Extrapolation Method: Linear extrapolation of human occupational data Tumor site(s): Hematologic al. Benzene is an organic chemical that is colorless and has a sweet odor. Table 10.7 quotes a slope factor range from 1.5 x 10-2 to 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg day)-1 for benzene. Benzene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and toluene (components) Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 9 Medium carbon range (C9–C16; EC9–EC < 22) ... screening cancer slope factors or screening RfDs) and the percentage based on provisional estimates (i.e., provisional cancer slope factors or provisional RfDs). 3) benzene. from 1996. First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. Extrapolation Method:
Benzene is used primarily in the production of other chemicals such as ethylbenzene, cumene, and cyclohexane. Tumor type(s): Leukemia (Rinsky et al., 1981, 1987 Paustenbach et al., 1993 Crump and Allen, 1984 Crump, 1992, 1994 U.S. EPA, 1998), Jun 2002:
Updated 2011. Benzene has been placed in the EPA weight-of-evidence classification A, human carcinogen. factor of 300. Source of cancer slope factor (SF): Not Applicable . Sl°pe factor 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg • day)-1 = 1.82 x 10-5 mg/kg • day The Dermal Slope Factor is based on a gastrointestinal absorption factor of 0.9700. Related Papers. Environ Risk Assess Remediat. BMD modeling of the ALC data of Rothman et al. It is highly flammable, and evaporates quickly when exposed to air. Short-term, Researchers use 2 main types of studies to try to determine if a substance causes cancer. © University of Tennessee, 1998 - 2020. A well-known, cancer-causing chemical is benzene. 8.57E-03 (mg/kg-day). The Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration has an uncertainty The Inhalation Unit Risk study target organ is blood. Under the proposed revised Carcinogen Risk Assessment Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1996), benzene is characterized as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure based upon convincing human evidence as well as supporting evidence from animal studies. The Dermal Chronic Reference Dose is based on a gastrointestinal absorption The metabolite(s) of benzene that are responsible for its toxicity have not been positively identified, but likely candidates include muconaldehyde, quinones, and free radicals generated by oxidizing enzymes (Henderson et al., 1989; Snyder, 1987). IRIS Toxicological Review of Benzene (Noncancer Effects) (1998 External Review Draft) (Report), Jun 1997:
(4) Physical Properties The chemical formula for benzene is C 6 H 6, and it has a molecular weight of 78.11 g/mol. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for Cancer Potencies. The Oral Chronic Reference Dose has an uncertainty factor of 300. So, with the Slope factor equal to 0.027 and a Unit inhalation risk calculated (0.008) Individual carcinogenic risk in the studied area was identified at the average of 7.8 cases per 10,000 The cancer risk for workers exposed to Benzene is -calculated in the range of 8.15×10 7 and a quantitative non-cancer risk value for Toluene is also calculated in the range of 0.000176. The result suggests a potential cancer risk for exposure to benzene in all the scenarios. 11.11 Assuming an inhalation cancer slope factor for benzene of 5 x 10-6 (mg/ kg • d)-1, calculate the concentration in air corresponding to a risk of 10-5 for a lifetime exposure at a breathing rate of 20 m3/d. The Dermal Chronic Reference Dose is 3.88E-03 (mg/kg-day). (1981, 1987), Crump and Allen (1984), and Paustenbach et al. Benzene. Benzene is a colorless organic liquid with a sweet odor. The Inhalation Chronic Reference Concentration is based on the Rothman EXPOSURE TO BENZENE: A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN . These results support the finding of an excess risk of leukemia in humans. How you can protect yourself, and what to do if you are exposed to benzene . 11.11 Assuming an inhalation cancer slope factor for benzene of 5 x 10-6 (mg/ kg • d)-1, calculate the concentration in air corresponding to a risk of 10-5 for a lifetime exposure at a breathing rate of 20 m3/d. EPA has calculated an oral cancer slope factor ranging from 1.5 x 10-2 to 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg/d)-1 that is an extrapolation from inhalation dose-response data. First, if the benzene was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the benzene was released. A well-known, cancer-causing chemical is benzene. Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-d)-1] M. e W A . Nonlethal oral doses of benzene can impact the nervous, hematological, and immunological systems. Benzene is a widely used industrial chemical and a component of gasoline, with a cancer risk slope factor of 2.9 x 10-2 (mg/kg-d)-l for oral intake. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Technical Support Document for Cancer Potencies. You will need Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this page. Cancer Benzene Benzo(a)Pyrene Naphthalene Methylnaphthalene. The ALC was also significantly reduced (1.6 x 10. Example Problem. Chemical Name: CAS Number: Chemical Class: Oral slope factor (mg/kg-d)-1: Inhalation slope factor (mg/kg-d)-1: Inhalation unit risk (mg/m3)-1 The derived consensus slope can be used as a best estimate of the quantitative relationship between real-life benzene exposure and genetic damage in future risk assessment. The Oral Chronic Reference Dose is based on the Rothman et. IRIS Toxicological Review of Benzene (Noncancer Effects) (Report), May 1999:
Benzene has also been used as a solvent, but this use is declining, coincidental with the replacement of benzene with other organic solvents. Carcinogenic risk assessment of benzene from the oil and gas field. Assume that the carcinogenic slope factor for aflatoxin is 2900 (mg/kg • d)-1. CDHS 1984. Herbert Publications. c . Evaluation of models for dermal exposure assessment in farming systems in developing countries. Date. What do studies show? The excess Cancer risk (CR) for lifetime exposure to benzene for all the scenarios was evaluated using the Slope Factor and Overall Risk Probability (ORP) methods. et. 17 Extrapolation from an inhalation to an oral slope factor in the earlier IRIS entry for 18 benzene was based on conversion between the standard intake factors for air and water (U.S. 19 EPA, 1999a).
Haematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in 217 workers. Uncertainty and variability in … Studies done in the lab When inhaled or swallowed, benzene has been found to cause different types of tumors in lab animals such as rats and mice. We also quantitate the large between-study heterogeneity that exists in this literature, a factor which is crucial for the interpretation of single-study or consensus slopes. If drinking water is contaminated with 0.25 mg/L benzene, what is the lifetime-averaged cancer risk for a 50-kg adult attributed to benzene? Oral RfD Cancer (mg/kg/d Slope Factor (mg/kg/d)-1 . Value Reviewed [Added] Oral Slope Factor (mg/kg-d)-1] M. e W A . Additional EPA toxicity information may be available by visiting the following sites: Supporting Documents for Benzene (Cancer), Reference Dose for Oral Exposure (RfD) (PDF), Reference Concentration for Inhalation Exposure (RfC) (PDF), Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure (PDF), Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure (PDF), Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBP), Office of Pesticide Programs Pesticide Chemical Search, IRIS Toxicological Review of Benzene (Noncancer Effects) (Report), EXTRAPOLATION OF THE BENZENE INHALATION UNIT RISK ESTIMATE TO THE ORAL ROUTE OF EXPOSURE (EXTERNAL REVIEW DRAFT) (Report), IRIS Toxicological Review of Benzene (Noncancer Effects) (1998 External Review Draft) (Report), Carcinogenic Effects of Benzene: An Update (1997 External Review Draft) (Report), HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR BENZENE (Report), Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1986), Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1996). The Inhalation Unit Risk study cancer type is Leukemia. Cancer risk analysis of benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde on gasoline station workers. Benzene is classified as a "known" human carcinogen (Category A) under the Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986. We will next use the slope factor to illustrate how to estimate this pollutant concentration. Calculate the DWEL that would result in a one-in-a-million risk of developing cancer over a 70-year time span. Overall Carcinogenicity; Mouse The Inhalation Slope Factor (converted from the IUR) is 2.73E-02 (mg/kg-day)-1. Cancer Potency Factor (mg/kg-d)-1.
Upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit, on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation. Table 10.7 quotes a slope factor range from 1.5 x 10-2 to 5.5 x 10-2 (mg/kg day)-1 for benzene. Download. The following is a presentation of the toxicity information associated with Benzene: Ecological Benchmarks (EPA Region IV update), Ecological Benchmarks (all other sources), Radionuclide Dose Conversion Factors ICRP 107, Radionuclide Dose Conversion Factors ICRP 30, Radionuclide Dose Conversion Factors ICRP 60, Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Regional Screening Levels for Chemicals (RSLs), Chemical Vapor Intrusion Screening Levels (VISLs), Regional Removal Management Levels for Chemicals (RMLs), Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Superfund (PPRTV), Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables for Superfund (HEAST), Preliminary Remediation Goals for Radionuclides (PRG), Preliminary Remediation Goals for Radionuclides in Buildings (BPRG), Preliminary Remediation Goals for Radionuclides in Outdoor Surfaces (SPRG), Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides (DCC), Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides in Buildings (BDCC), Dose Compliance Concentrations for Radionuclides in Outdoor Surfaces (SDCC). Benzene is eliminated either unchanged in expired air or as metabolites in the urine (ATSDR, 1992). The inhalation unit risk factor answers, “How (1978), Rinsky et al. Question: Q6. For the TEF approach, the toxicity of a group of chemically related constituents that typically occur in the environment as mixtures is based on of 0.096 mg/m3 for inhaled benzene was converted to an equivalent BMDL 0.25sdADJ for ingested benzene using EPA (1988b) human reference values for inhalation rate (20 m3/day) and body weight (70 kg) and a factor of 0.5 to adjust for differences in absorption of benzene following inhalation versus oral exposure (50 versus 100%, respectively) Last Updated: 01/09/2000, Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure (PDF) (45 pp, 261 K), Oral Slope Factor:
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